Capalbo Alessandro1, Gagliostro Nazareno1, Balampanos Charalampos Georgios1, Bushati Vilma2, Persechino Flavia3, Giordano Domenico4, Persechino Severino4*
1Sapienza University of Rome, Sapienza University of Rome, NESMOS Department, Dermatology Unit, Sant Andrea Hospital Faculty of Medicine and Psychology Roma, Lazio, Italy
2University Cattolica Nostra Signora Del Buon Consiglio, Medicine Tirana, Albania
3Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Roma, Lazio, Italy
4Sant Andrea Hospital, NESMOS, Dermatology Unit, Italy
*Corresponding Author: Prof. Persechino Severino MD, PhD, Head of Dermatology Unit, Sant Andrea Hospital Rome, Italy; Email: [email protected]
Published Date: 04-03-2021
Copyright© 2021 by Severino P, et al. All rights reserved. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Herpes Zoster (HZ) and psoriasis are common cutaneous diseases and in some patients psoriatic manifestations may appear over healed HZ lesions. This manifestation has been defined as Koebner Phenomenon (KP) or Wolf Isotopic Phenomenon (IP).
We report a 35-year-old man with chronic moderate plaque psoriasis who developed KP at the areas of healed HZ. We noticed a lack of response to TNF alfa inhibitor treatment in the lesions previously affected by HZ. Therefore, we assume that other inflammatory mediators, in particular Substance P, can be related to the psoriatic manifestations over healed HZ lesions.
Keywords
Herpes Zoster; Psoriasis; Substance P; TNF-α; Etanercept
Abbreviations
KP: Koebner Phenomenon; IP: Isotopic Phenomenon; HZ: Herpes Zoster; CysA: Cyclosporine A
Introduction
The Koebner Phenomenon (KP) is defined as the appearance of new psoriatic lesions following a trauma/injury to the healthy skin areas of patients affected by psoriasis [1].
Another similar phenomenon also described in literature is Wolf’s Isotopic Phenomenon (IP) that refers to the occurrence of a new unrelated dermatosis at the same location of a previously healed dermatosis.
Among the triggers involved in these phenomena is also HZ [2,3].
Furthermore, many inflammatory mediators are related to KP pathogenesis, meanwhile TNF- α appears to have a key role in IP [4,5].
Case Report
We report the case of a 35-years-old patient affected by plaque psoriasis that after 5 weeks of oral CysA treatment (600 mg daily), presented at the hospital referring dorsal burning and pain. Physical examination revealed erythematous vesicles on the corresponding area of left C5-C7 dermatomes, which we ascribed as a HZ, secondary to an excessive dose of CysA. Therefore, we stopped the treatment with CysA and started Valaciclovir. After 2 weeks the HZ lesions were completely healed but the patient came back presenting scaly erythematous plaques on the site of the previous HZ lesion (Fig. 1), elbows and knees (Fig. 2).
The dorsal psoriatic lesions were diagnosed as KP, and a subsequent punch biopsy confirmed the diagnostic suspect. He was treated with topic clobetasol propionate and calcipotriol with rapid clinical resolution. During the follow-up, psoriatic lesions reappeared several times over the healed HZ lesions, when the topic treatment was not applied.
Due to worsening of the PASI index we decided to start systemic treatment with biologic agent, TNF-α inhibitor (Etanercept). After only 1 month of treatment, there was an almost complete resolution of psoriatic lesions on the whole body except for the dermatomes previously affected by HZ about 2 years ago (Fig. 3 and 4).
Figure 1: Psoriatic lesions on the site of previous HZ lesion before Etanercept treatment.
Figure 2: Elbow and knee psoriatic lesions before Etanercept treatment.
Figure 3: Psoriatic lesion on the previous HZ site after 1 month of treatment with Etanercept.
Figure 4: Elbow and knee psoriatic lesions responding to Etanercept treatment.
Discussion
KP pathogenesis involves several inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, substance P and others. Meanwhile in IP the overexpression of TNF-α (antiviral activity) during the course of HZ is thought to be the main pathological factor [4,5]. Despite the fact that in literature these phenomena are described apart, we think that the underlying mechanism is common and involves the same agents [6].
We assume that substance P, is the primary mediator involved in the onset of a new psoriatic lesion in a skin site previously affected by HZ. Furthermore, Substance P which acts as a mediator of peripheral nociceptive impulse has also been demonstrated to increase in psoriatic lesions [7].
This hypothesis seems to be confirmed by the persistence of the psoriatic lesion in the site previously affected by HZ even after six months of treatment with Etanercept 50 mg.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we hypothesize that Substance P is the main mediator related to the onset of the psoriatic lesion following the viral injury. Therefore, the use of topical steroids, which inhibit a wide range of inflammatory mediators, would result in a total remission of the psoriatic lesion occurring on healed HZ.
References
- Diani M, Cozzi C, Altomare G. Heinrich Koebner and his phenomenon. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(8):919.
- Gupta S. Many faces of Koebner phenomenon in psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2002;68(4):222.
- Wolf R, Brenner S, Ruocco V, Filioli FG. Isotopic response. Int J Dermatol. 1995;34(5):341-8.
- Sagi L, Trau H. The koebner phenomenon. Clinics Dermatol. 2011;29(2):231-6.
- Allegue F, Fachal C, Romo M, López-Miragaya MI, Pérez S. Psoriasis at the site of healed herpes zoster: Wolf’s isotopic response. Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas. 2007;98(8):576-8.
- Happle R, Kluger N. Koebner’s sheep in Wolf’s clothing: does the isotopic response exist as a distinct phenomenon?. J Euro Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(4):542-3.
- Remröd C, Lonne-Rahm S, Nordlind K. Study of substance P and its receptor neurokinin-1 in psoriasis and their relation to chronic stress and pruritus. Arch Dermatological Res. 2007;299(2):85-91.
Article Type
Case Report
Publication History
Received Date: 08-02-2021
Accepted Date: 24-02-2021
Published Date: 04-03-2021
Copyright© 2021 by Severino P, et al. All rights reserved. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Severino P, et al. Psoriatic Manifestation on a Healed Herpes Zoster Lesion: A Case of Koebner Phenomenon Resistant to TNF-α Inhibitors. J Clin Immunol Microbiol. 2021;2(1):1-5.
Figure 1: Psoriatic lesions on the site of previous HZ lesion before Etanercept treatment.
Figure 2: Elbow and knee psoriatic lesions before Etanercept treatment.
Figure 3: Psoriatic lesion on the previous HZ site after 1 month of treatment with Etanercept.
Figure 4: Elbow and knee psoriatic lesions responding to Etanercept treatment.
