Henry E Young1-3*, Mark O Speight4-6

1- Dragonfly Foundation for Research & Development, Macon, GA 31210, USA
2- Henry E Young PhD Regeneration Technologies LLC, USA
3- Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
4- Research Designs, Charlotte, NC 28105, USA
5- The Charlotte Foundation for Molecular Medicine, Charlotte, NC 28105, USA
6- Center for Wellness, Charlotte, NC 28105, USA

*Corresponding Author: Henry E Young PhD, Chief Science Officer, Dragonfly Foundation for Research & Development, 101 Preston Ct, Suite 101, (Corporate Office), Macon, GA 31210 USA; Tel: +478-3191983; Email: [email protected]

Published Date: 10-08-2020

Copyright^© 2020 by Young HE, et al. All rights reserved. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

Endogenous adult-derived Totipotent Stem Cells (TSCs) and tissue-resident exosomes are major players in the field of regenerative medicine. TSCs provide the undifferentiated building blocks for tissue repair, while exosomes provide the directions on how these building blocks should be used to accomplish this feat, i.e., restoration of fully functional tissue. Both TSCs and exosomes have been extensively characterized with respect to composition and function. While they have similar characteristics in four categories, they differ with respect to each other in a myriad of other categories. The following is criteria used by this lab to distinguish telomerase-positive totipotent stem cells from bioactive factor-containing exosomes.

Keywords

Totipotent Stem Cell; Exosomes; Regenerative Medicine; Trypan Blue

Opinion

Endogenous adult-derived telomerase-positive Totipotent Stem Cells (TSCs) and exosomes are major players in the field of regenerative medicine. TSCs have been extensively characterized with respect to size, composition, cell surface markers, cryopreservation conditions, gene expression, differentiation potential, and use in regenerative medicine [1-3]. Exosomes have been analyzed in a similar fashion [4-7].

Both TSCs and bioactive factor-containing exosomes can be found in either solid tissues or in cell culture medium. They can be isolated by high speed centrifugation. They exhibit positive staining with trypan blue, and have a size within the range of 0.1 to 2.0 microns. For additional comparisons, see Table 1.

Table 1: Comparisons between TSCs and Exosomes. AD1, Alzheimer’s Dementia [1]; ALS2, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [1]; B3, Blindness [1]; BMT4, Bone Marrow Transplant [4]; CIDP5, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy [1]; CKD6, Chronic Kidney Disease [1]; COPD7, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [1,8,9]; CVD8, Cardiovascular Disease [1,10]; D9, Dementia [1]; Dia-I10, Diabetes mellitus type-I [1,11,12]; E11, Epilepsy [1]; IPF12, Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis [1,8,13]; MD13, Macular Degeneration [1]; MI14, Myocardial Infarction [1,4,14,15]; MS15, Multiple Sclerosis [1]; N16, Neuropathies [1]; OA17, Osteoarthritis [1,4]; OrD18, Orthopedic disorders [1,4]; PD19, Parkinson Disease [1,16-18]; RA20, Rheumatoid Arthritis [1]; Sc21, Sciatica [1]; Sk22, Stroke [1]; SkR23, Skeletal muscle repair [1,4]; SLE24, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [1,19]; TBI25, Traumatic Brain Injury [1]; TSCI26, Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury [1].

TSCs provide the undifferentiated building blocks for tissue repair, while exosomes provide the directions on how these building blocks should be used to accomplish this feat, i.e., restoration of fully functional tissue. As shown, both TSCs and exosomes are readily available in the tissues of the body, can be isolated and have their own respective attributes that can be used in regenerative medicine to enhance the healing process and restore function to an organ [8-19].

Conclusion

Endogenous adult-derived totipotent stem cells and tissue-resident exosomes are major players in the field of regenerative medicine. TSCs provide the undifferentiated building blocks for tissue repair, while exosomes provide the directions on how these building blocks should be used to accomplish this feat, i.e., restoration of fully functional tissue. Both TSCs and exosomes have been extensively characterized with respect to composition and function. While they have similar characteristics in six categories, e.g., isolation from solid tissues, isolated from cell culture medium, centrifugation, trypan blue staining, size, and cryopreservation temperature, they differ with respect to each other in other categories, e.g., morphology, telomerase enzyme, species-specific number of chromosomes, karyotyped, cell surface staining for CEA-CAM-1 and CD66e, proliferate, contain bioactive factors for proliferation, progression, induction, inhibition, freeze at -20^oC, freeze at -80^oC, expressed genes, differentiation into all cells of the body, and various conditions treated. The above criteria are being used distinguish telomerase-positive totipotent stem cells from bioactive factor-containing exosomes for their use in regenerative medicine.

References

1. Young HE, Speight MO. Characterization of endogenous telomerase-positive stem cells for regenerative medicine, a review. Stem Cell Regen Med. 2020;4(2):1-14.
2. Young HE, Speight MO, Black AC Jr. Functional Cells, Maintenance Cells, and Healing Cells. J Stem Cell Res. 2017;003(1):1-4.
3. Young HE, Speight MO, Williams SE. Informed consent guidelines for optimizing the use of telomerase-positive stem cells for regenerative medicine. J Regen Med Biol Res. 2020.
4. Young HE, Duplaa C, Romero-Ramos M. Adult reserve stem cells and their potential for tissue engineering. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2004;40(1):1-80.
5. Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: time to change the name. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6(6):1445-51.
6. Bari E, Ferrarotti I, Torre ML. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell secretome for lung regeneration: The long way through “pharmaceuticalization” for the best formulation. J Control Release. 2019;309:11-24.
7. Choi M, Ban T, Rhim T. Therapeutic use of stem cell transplantation for cell replacement of cytoprotective effect of microvesicle released from mesenchymal stem cell. Mol Cells. 2014;37(2):133-9.
8. Young HE, Black GF, Coleman JA, Hawkins KC, Black Jr AC. Pulmonary diseases and adult healing cells: from bench top to bedside. J Stem Cell Res. 2017;003(2):1-9.
9. Young HE, Speight MO, Williams SE. Telomerase-positive stem cells as a potential treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2020.
10. Young HE, Limnios IJ, Lochner F. Adult healing cells and cardiovascular disease: From bench top to bedside. J Stem Cell Res. 2017;002(3):1-8.
11. Young HE, Black AC Jr. Differentiation potential of adult stem cells. In: Contemporary Endocrinology: Stem Cells in Endocrinology, L.B. Lester, ed., The Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ. 2005;4:67-92.
12. Young HE, Limnios JI, Lochner F, McCommon G, Cope LA, Black AC Jr. Pancreatic islet composites secrete insulin in response to a glucose challenge. J Stem Cell Res. 2017;1(1)001:1-12.
13. Young HE, Speight MO, Williams SE, Black AC Jr. Telomerase-positive stem cells as a potential treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2020.
14. Young HE. Existence of reserve quiescent stem cells in adults, from amphibians to humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2004;280:71-109.
15. Young HE, Duplaa C, Yost MJ. Clonogenic analysis reveals reserve stem cells in postnatal mammals-II. Pluripotent epiblastic-like stem cells. Anat Rec. 2004;277A:178-203.
16. Young HE, Duplaa C, Katz R. Adult-derived stem cells and their potential for tissue repair and molecular medicine. J Cell Molec Med. 2005;9:753-69.
17. Young HE, Hyer L, Black AC Jr. Adult stem cells: from bench-top to bedside. In: Tissue Regeneration: Where Nanostructure Meets Biology, 3DBiotech, North Brunswick, NJ. 2013;1:1-60.
18. Young HE, Hyer L, Black AC Jr, Robinson JS Jr. Treating Parkinson disease with adult stem cells. J Neurol Dis. 2013;2:1.
19. Young HE, Speight MO, Williams SE. Allogeneic and autologous telomerase-positive stem cells as a potential treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus. Stem Cells Regen Med. 2020;4(2):1-9.

Article Type

Opinion Article

Publication History

Received Date: 30-06-2020 
Accepted Date: 03-08-2020
Published Date: 10-08-2020

Copyright© 2020 by Young HE, et al. All rights reserved. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Citation: Young HE, et al. Criteria to Distinguish Endogenous Telomerase-Positive Totipotent Stem
Cells from Exosomes as Major Players in Regenerative Medicine. J Reg Med Biol Res. 2020;1(1):1-5.

Table 1: Comparisons between TSCs and Exosomes. AD1, Alzheimer’s Dementia [1]; ALS2, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [1]; B3, Blindness [1]; BMT4, Bone Marrow Transplant [4]; CIDP5, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy [1]; CKD6, Chronic Kidney Disease [1]; COPD7, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [1,8,9]; CVD8, Cardiovascular Disease [1,10]; D9, Dementia [1]; Dia-I10, Diabetes mellitus type-I [1,11,12]; E11, Epilepsy [1]; IPF12, Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis [1,8,13]; MD13, Macular Degeneration [1]; MI14, Myocardial Infarction [1,4,14,15]; MS15, Multiple Sclerosis [1]; N16, Neuropathies [1]; OA17, Osteoarthritis [1,4]; OrD18, Orthopedic disorders [1,4]; PD19, Parkinson Disease [1,16-18]; RA20, Rheumatoid Arthritis [1]; Sc21, Sciatica [1]; Sk22, Stroke [1]; SkR23, Skeletal muscle repair [1,4]; SLE24, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [1,19]; TBI25, Traumatic Brain Injury [1]; TSCI26, Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury [1].